Study paths

The leading cases on one topic, read in the order they were decided, so you can see the law develop. Each path takes the judgments in our library that interpret the provisions of that topic; where there are more than a path holds, it keeps the ones other judgments in the library cite most.

Mark each case as read; finish a path and test yourself with practice questions.

• Article 21: life and personal libertyHow the Court has read life and liberty: fair procedure, privacy and dignity.15 cases, 1950 to 2017Open the path
• Article 14: equality and arbitrarinessClassification, arbitrariness and how the equality test grew.15 cases, 1951 to 2019Open the path
• Article 19: speech and the other freedomsFree speech, the press, trade and the reasonable restrictions on them.15 cases, 1950 to 2017Open the path
• Basic structure and constitutional amendmentsParliament's power to amend the Constitution and its limits.12 cases, 1967 to 2022Open the path
• Reservation and equal opportunityArticles 15 and 16: backward classes, creamy layer and limits.15 cases, 1951 to 2024Open the path
• Writs, appeals and the Supreme Court's powersArticles 32, 136, 141, 142 and 226 in action.15 cases, 1950 to 2023Open the path
• Centre, States and GovernorsFederalism, legislative competence, President's rule and the Governor's role.12 cases, 1951 to 2024Open the path
• Religion and minority rightsArticles 25 to 30: faith, essential practices and minority institutions.11 cases, 1951 to 2017Open the path
• Arrest, bail and custodyWhen police may arrest, how bail works and the safeguards in custody.15 cases, 1950 to 2026Open the path
• Murder, culpable homicide and sentencingSections 299 to 304 IPC (100 to 105 BNS), private defence and the death penalty.15 cases, 1958 to 2015Open the path
• Criminal evidenceConfessions, dying declarations, circumstantial and electronic evidence.15 cases, 1952 to 2022Open the path
• ArbitrationReferral, appointment, the seat, and challenges to awards.15 cases, 2002 to 2025Open the path
• Contract and specific reliefFormation, consideration, breach, damages and specific performance.12 cases, 1961 to 2023Open the path
• Property, transfer and registrationTransfer of Property Act, registration and easements.12 cases, 1958 to 2023Open the path
• Marriage, divorce, maintenance and successionHindu and Muslim personal law, maintenance and women's property rights.15 cases, 1985 to 2026Open the path
• Civil procedure and limitationCPC and the Limitation Act: jurisdiction, res judicata, delay.12 cases, 1961 to 2026Open the path
• Insolvency and company lawThe IBC, SARFAESI and the Companies Act.12 cases, 2004 to 2026Open the path
• Special criminal lawsNDPS, PMLA, POCSO, UAPA and cheque dishonour.15 cases, 1990 to 2026Open the path