Religion and minority rights
Articles 25 to 30: faith, essential practices and minority institutions.
All 11 judgments in our library on this topic, oldest first.
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Start: State of Madras v. Champakam DorairajanYour progress is kept in this browser. Sign in to keep it on every device and count it in your reading streak.
9 April 1951 · 7 judges
State of Madras v. Champakam DorairajanThe Communal G.O. allotting seats in State medical and engineering colleges by religion and caste violated Article 29(2) and was void under Article 13; directive principles cannot override fundamental rights.
On this path for: Article 29(2), Constitution
16 March 1954 · 7 judges · cited by 1 judgment in this library
Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur MuttThe Court held that Articles 25 and 26 protect religious practices as well as beliefs, struck down several provisions of the Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1951, and held the Section 76 contribution a tax, not a fee.
On this path for: Article 25, Constitution; Article 26, Constitution; Article 27, Constitution
30 August 1962 · 6 judges · cited by 2 judgments in this library
Rev. Sidhajbhai Sabhai v. State of BombayGovernment orders reserving 80% of seats in a Christian minority's teacher training college for government-nominated teachers, enforced by threats to withhold grant and recognition, infringed the absolute right of minorities under Article 30(1).
On this path for: Article 30(1), Constitution
13 September 1968 · 5 judges
Rev. Father W. Proost v. State of BiharThe right of a religious minority under Article 30(1) to establish and administer educational institutions of its choice is not limited by Article 29(1); St. Xavier's College, Ranchi had that protection and was exempt under Section 48-B.
On this path for: Article 30(1), Constitution; Article 29(1), Constitution
11 August 1986 · 2 judges
Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of KeralaExpelling school children who, out of a genuine religious belief, stood respectfully but did not sing the National Anthem violated their rights under Articles 19(1)(a) and 25(1); the Court ordered their re-admission.
On this path for: Article 25(1), Constitution; Freedom of religion
31 October 2002 · 11 judges · cited by 4 judgments in this library
T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of KarnatakaAn eleven judge Bench held that all citizens may establish and administer educational institutions under Articles 19(1)(g) and 26, minorities also under Article 30, with minority status judged State-wise; the Unni Krishnan scheme was held unconstitutional.
On this path for: Article 30, Constitution; Article 29(2), Constitution; Article 26, Constitution
14 August 2003 · 5 judges · cited by 2 judgments in this library
Islamic Academy of Education v. State of KarnatakaClarifying T.M.A. Pai, the majority held that unaided professional colleges may fix their own fees subject to no profiteering or capitation fee, and directed State committees under Article 142 to approve fees and supervise admission tests.
On this path for: Article 30(1), Constitution
12 August 2005 · 7 judges · cited by 1 judgment in this library
P.A. Inamdar v. State of MaharashtraThe State cannot appropriate seats or enforce its reservation policy in unaided minority or non-minority institutions; such institutions may set their own fair, transparent, merit-based admissions and non-profiteering fees, subject to regulation including the Islamic Academy committees.
On this path for: Article 30(1), Constitution
12 April 2012 · 3 judges · cited by 1 judgment in this library
Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of IndiaThe majority upheld the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009, including the 25% admission requirement in Section 12(1)(c), for unaided non-minority schools, but held that the Act does not apply to unaided minority schools.
On this path for: Article 30(1), Constitution; Article 29(2), Constitution
6 May 2014 · 5 judges · cited by 1 judgment in this library
Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of IndiaArticle 15(5) and Article 21A do not violate the basic structure and are valid; the Right to Education Act, 2009 is valid against private unaided schools but cannot apply to minority schools, aided or unaided.
On this path for: Article 30(1), Constitution
22 August 2017 · 5 judges · cited by 3 judgments in this library
Shayara Bano v. Union of IndiaBy a majority of 3:2 the Supreme Court set aside the practice of talaq-e-biddat (instant triple talaq), the majority judges resting on different grounds: manifest arbitrariness under Article 14, and inconsistency with the Quran and Shariat.
On this path for: Article 25, Constitution
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